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<p align="left"><b>Skin Penetration by Phospholipid Vesicles, Transfersomes, As Visualized by Means of the Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy </b> </p> <p align="left">A. Schätzlein *+ and G. Cevc*</p> <p align="left">*Medizinische Biophysik, Klinikum r.d.I., Ismaningerstraße 22,<br> Technische Universität München, 81635 München, EU<br> +IDEA GmbH, Frankfurter Ring 193a, 80807-München, EU; </p> <p align="left"><b>In: Phospholipids: Characterization, Metabolism and Novel Biological Applications (G. Cevc, F. Paltauf, eds.) AOCS Press, Champain, IL, 1995, pp 191-209.</b></p> <p align="left">The intact skin is a highly efficient penetration obstacle to the epicutaneous drug and particle administration. Its main permeability barrier is located in the stratum corneum, the surface layer of the epidermis. Innovative, ultradeformable drug carriers, Transfersomes, which can be made on the basis of phospholipids, can overcome this penetration barrier, however, Here we exploit the technique of the confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to show this and to elucidate the route of the Transfersome entry into the murine skin. We demonstrate that the fluorescently labelled transfersomes may take advantage of the structural irregularities in the micro-anatomy of the stratum corneum (`virtual pores') in order to get into the skin. The resulting pathway corresponds to a three-dimensional network of the intercellular passages between the corneocytes. In contrast to liposomes and micelles, which can only reach the upper parts of the stratum corneum, transfersomes can get deep into the epidermis and beyond. Within a few hours time, an increasing amount of the Transfersome-associated fluorescence is even found in the dermis. For the double labelled transfersomes, the penetration depth, the pathways, and the tissue distribution, as well as the fluorescence intensity at various depths in the skin are practically identical for both labels. This suggests that transfersomes do not solubilise the stratum corneum lipids or else fall apart in the skin. Such bodies must thus penetrate through the skin barrier as well preserved (but probably strongly deformed) entities. Experiments in nude mice or hairy mice yield essentially identical results. Skin penetration via the hair follicles thus only plays a minor role for transfersomes, but may be of great importance for the liposome or mixed micelle penetration into the intact skin.</p> <p><a href="index.html"><----</a> | <a href="../.././index.html" target="_top" onmouseover="putstattext('Was ist das Besondere an IDEA?'); return true;">Startseite</a> | <a href="../../about-us/index.html" target="_top" onmouseover="putstattext('Über die Geschichte, die Leute, die Zusammenarbeiten und die Zukunftspläne von IDEA.'); return true;">Über uns</a> | <a href="../../corporate_factsheet/index.html" target="_top" onmouseover="putstattext('Corporate Factsheet'); return true;">Corporate Factsheet</a> | <a href="../../science/index.html" target="_top" onmouseover="putstattext('Wissenschaftliche Kooperationen, Veröffenlichungen usw.'); return true;">Wissenschaft</a> | Publikationen | <a href="../../product_opportunities/index.html" target="_top" onmouseover="putstattext(''); return true;">Einsatzmöglichkeiten</a> | <a href="../../financial/index.html" target="_top" onmouseover="putstattext('Investoren und grundlegende finanzielle Daten.'); return true;">Finanzierung</a> | <a href="../../press_releases/index.html" target="_top" onmouseover="putstattext('Originaltexte...'); return true;">Pressemitteilungen</a> | <a href="../../latest_newsletter/index.html" target="_top" onmouseover="putstattext('IDEAS letzter ausgegebene Newsletter'); return true;">Letzter Newsletter</a> | <a href="../../press_clippings/index.html" target="_top" onmouseover="putstattext('IDEA in der Presse - die Originaltexte.'); return true;">Pressespiegel</a> | <a href="../../conferences/index.html" target="_top" onmouseover="putstattext('Bei diesen Veranstaltungen treffen sie uns, und wir können uns persönlich unterhalten...'); return true;">Konferenzen</a> | <a href="../../career/index.html" target="_top" onmouseover="putstattext('Wir suchen Talente mit Engagement und bieten im Gegenzug viel.'); return true;">Karriere</a> | <a href="../../contact/index.html" target="_top" onmouseover="putstattext('Wir freuen uns, von Ihnen zu hören!'); return true;">Kontakt</a> | <a href="../../faq/index.html" target="_top" onmouseover="putstattext('Der Unterschied zwischen Liposomen und Transversomen, Produktverträglichkeit und vieles mehr.'); return true;">Wissenschaftliche FAQ</a> | <a href="../../glossary/index.html" target="_top" onmouseover="putstattext(''); return true;">Glossar</a> | <a href="../../sitemap/index.html" target="_top" onmouseover="putstattext('Schaffen Sie sich einen Eindruck von IDEA.'); return true;">Seitenübersicht</a> | <a href="../../search/index.html" target="_top" onmouseover="putstattext('Finden Sie Dokumente in dieser Seite über Schlagwörter---'); return true;">Suchen</a> |  </p>